Amos 1
1
Amos Prophesies Yahweh’s Message
1There was a prophet named Amos, # 1:1 The name Amos likely means “burden-bearer.” It can be compared to the name Amasiah (see 2 Chron. 17:16), which in Hebrew sounds like “Yahweh bears [the burden].” Amos may even be a shorter form of the same name. See M. Noth, Die israelitischen Personennamen (1928), 178. a herdsman # 1:1 The word here translated “herdsman,” noqed, is not the usual Hebrew word for “shepherd.” Jewish scholars view this as referring to one who oversees and breeds a special kind of dwarf sheep famous for their wool, known by Arabs today as nakad. Hence, an alternative translation of this word may be “sheep breeder.” from the town of Tekoa. # 1:1 Tekoa has a homonym that is translated “a stockade” or “a trumpet blast.” The village of Tekoa is about five miles (eight kilometers) southeast of Bethlehem on the edge of the Judean wilderness. See 2 Sam. 14:2. Two years before the great earthquake, # 1:1 It is believed this great earthquake shook the entire ancient Near East during the mid-700s BC. This mention therefore helps us to date the book of Amos very accurately. Geologist Steven A. Austin has written extensively about this earthquake in the days of Amos; he dates this magnitude 8 earthquake around 750 BC and places the epicenter just north of Israel. See Steven A. Austin, Gordon W. Franz, and Eric G. Frost, “Amos’s Earthquake: An Extraordinary Middle East Seismic Event of 750 B.C.,” International Geology Review 42, no. 7 (2000), 657–71. See also Ps. 75:3; Amos 9:5; Mic. 1:4; Zech. 14:5. when Uzziah was king of Judah, and Jeroboam son of Jehoash # 1:1 Or “Joash,” a variant form of Jehoash. Amos prophesied during the reigns of Uzziah of Judah in the south (792–740 BC) and Jeroboam II of Israel in the north (793–753 BC). was king of Israel, God revealed these prophetic visions to Amos about Israel. 2Amos said:
“Yahweh comes roaring out of Zion;
from Jerusalem he comes with his thunderous voice.
The shepherds’ lush pastures are dried up, # 1:2 The Hebrew word ʾabal is the root of two homonyms that mean “mourn” and “dried up.”
and the trees on top of Mount Carmel # 1:2 There was no place in Israel that was more fertile than Mount Carmel, which overlooks modern Haifa. Carmel means “fruitful land.” God’s judgment on Israel was powerful and significant. wither.”
Damascus
3Here is the message of Yahweh:
“For the three terrible crimes of the people of Damascus—
no, make that four # 1:3 Amos used the literary tool of a Hebrew idiom (“three . . . make that four”) to emphasize the cumulative effect of their sin. See Prov. 30:15. These numbers are symbolic, indicating that there is no limit to the wickedness of Damascus (i.e., Syria) here, plus all the other nations that follow—including, eventually, Israel herself (see Amos 2:6–16). There is also the possibility that the combined total of seven sins, in each case, may itself constitute a perfect symbolic (i.e., spiritual) storm of offenses that knows no bounds. —
I will not turn back my wrath. # 1:3 Or “I will not bring it”; that is, God’s decree of punishment or the city of Damascus itself. See vv. 6, 9, 11, 13; 2:1, 4, 6.
For they have treated the people of Gilead with savage cruelty,
running over them with a threshing sledge equipped with iron teeth. # 1:3 This denotes the practice of laying people on the ground and running over them with large threshing carts equipped with toothed iron wheels used at harvest time to thresh the harvested grain. Such a cruel torture was also indicated in 2 Kings 13:7, where the king of Aram (i.e., Syria) similarly reduced the army of Jehoahaz to dust. Gilead was a territory populated with Israelite people east of the Jordan. Iron was a big deal back then. Whoever had the most access to iron had the military (and agricultural) upper hand. The rest had to settle for bronze. That’s why the Philistines (who used iron) kept beating up on the Israelites (equipped with bronze) in David’s era.
4So I will send fire down on the dynasty of Hazael # 1:4 That is, the kingdom of Syria, or Aram-Damascus.
to devour the royal palaces defended by Ben-Hadad. # 1:4 Ben-Hadad means the “son of [the false god of] power.”
5I will smash the city gates of Damascus,
I will cut down the ruler who sits in the Valley of Wickedness, # 1:5 This is more than a literal valley (the location of the literal valley is disputable); it is more likely a metaphor for Damascus and the kingdom of Aram.
the one who holds the royal scepter
in the Paradise of Pleasure. # 1:5 Or “the House of Beth Eden [Pleasure],” a derogatory term for Damascus.
And the people of Syria # 1:5 Or “Aram,” another name for Syria. will go back
to where they came from—to Kir,” # 1:5 See 2 Kings 16:9. The exact location of this land of Kir is uncertain.
declares Yahweh.
Gaza and Philistia
6Here is the message of Yahweh:
“For the three terrible crimes of the people of Gaza—
no, make that four—
I will not turn back my wrath.
They have deported an entire community of exiles
as slaves to Edom.
7I will send fire down on the walls of Gaza
to consume its fortresses.
8I will cut off the ruler of Ashdod
and the one who holds the scepter in Ashkelon.
I will strike my blows against the city of Ekron, # 1:8 The five notable cities of the Philistines were Ashdod, Ashkelon, Ekron, Gaza (see vv. 6–7), and Gath. Gath was not mentioned here, for it had already been leveled by Hazael (see 2 Kings 12:17) and again by Judah under King Uzziah (see 2 Chron. 26:6).
and what’s left of the Philistines will perish,”
says the Lord Yahweh.
Tyre
9Yahweh says this:
“For the three terrible crimes of the people of Tyre—
no, make that four—
I will not turn back my wrath.
For they deported entire people groups
into exile in the land of Edom.
In so doing, they broke # 1:9 Or “did not remember.” the covenant of brotherhood. # 1:9 This may be a reference to the friendship between Solomon and Hiram. See 1 Kings 5.
10So I will send fire down on the city walls of Tyre
to devour her fortresses.”
Edom
11Yahweh says this:
“For the three terrible crimes of the Edomites—
no, make that four—
I will not turn back my wrath.
For Edom hunted down his relatives, # 1:11 Or “his brother [Jacob].” See Gen. 25:21–24; 36:1–19.
the Israelites, with the sword,
and he refused to show mercy.
His anger never died down,
and his rage continued to the end.
12I will set the city of Teman # 1:12 Teman was an important city of Edom. on fire
to burn up the fortresses of Bozrah.”
Ammon
13Yahweh says this:
“For the three terrible crimes of the Ammonites—
no, make that four—
I will not turn back my wrath.
In order to seize more land for themselves,
they ripped open the pregnant women of Gilead.
14Therefore I will burn down the city walls of Rabbah # 1:14 Rabbah was once the capital of Ammon.
to consume its fortresses.
War cries will be heard on the day of battle;
like a whirlwind, war will ravage the land. # 1:14 In ancient Near Eastern literature, a windstorm (whirlwind) is used as a metaphor for judgment and destruction. See Isa. 29:6; Jer. 23:19; Hos. 8:7.
15Ammon’s king will be taken into captivity,
he and his officials with him,”
says Yahweh.
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Amos 1: TPT
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