Deuteronomy 9
9
Theological Justification of the Conquest
1 Listen, Israel: Today you are about to cross the Jordan so you can dispossess the nations there, people greater and stronger than you who live in large cities with extremely high fortifications.#tn Heb āfortified to the heavensā (so NRSV); NLT ācities with walls that reach to the sky.ā This is hyperbole. 2 They include the Anakites,#sn Anakites. See note on this term in Deut 1:28. a numerous#tn Heb āgreat and tall.ā Many English versions understand this to refer to physical size or strength rather than numbers (cf. āstrong,ā NIV, NCV, NRSV, NLT). and tall people whom you know about and of whom it is said, āWho is able to resist the Anakites?ā 3 Understand today that the Lord your God who goes before you is a devouring fire; he will defeat and subdue them before you. You will dispossess and destroy them quickly just as he#tn Heb āthe Lord.ā The pronoun has been used in the translation in keeping with contemporary English style to avoid redundancy. has told you. 4 Do not think to yourself after the Lord your God has driven them out before you, āBecause of my own righteousness the Lord has brought me here to possess this land.ā It is because of the wickedness of these nations that the Lord is driving them out ahead of you. 5 It is not because of your righteousness, or even your inner uprightness,#tn Heb āuprightness of your heartā (so NASB, NRSV). The Hebrew word צְ×ÖøקÖø× (tsĆædaqah, ārighteousnessā), though essentially synonymous here with ×ֹש×Ö¶×Ø (yosher, āuprightnessā), carries the idea of conformity to an objective standard. The term ×ֹש×Ö¶×Ø has more to do with an inner, moral quality (cf. NAB, NIV āintegrityā). Neither, however, was grounds for the Lordās favor. As he states in both vv. 4-5, the main reason he allowed Israel to take this land was the sinfulness of the Canaanites who lived there (cf. Gen 15:16). that you have come here to possess their land. Instead, because of the wickedness of these nations the Lord your God is driving them out ahead of you in order to confirm the promise he#tn Heb āthe Lord.ā See note on āheā in 9:3. made on oath to your ancestors,#tn Heb āfathers.ā to Abraham, Isaac, and Jacob. 6 Understand, therefore, that it is not because of your righteousness that the Lord your God is about to give you this good land as a possession, for you are a stubborn#tn Heb āstiff-neckedā (so KJV, NAB, NIV).sn The Hebrew word translated stubborn means āstiff-necked.ā The image is that of a draft animal that is unsubmissive to the rein or yoke and refuses to bend its neck to draw the load. This is an apt description of OT Israel (Exod 32:9; 33:3, 5; 34:9; Deut 9:13). people!
The History of Israelās Stubbornness
7 Remember ā donāt ever forget#tn By juxtaposing the positive ×Ö°×Ö¹×Ø (zekhor, ārememberā) with the negative ×Ö·×Ö¾×Ŗּ֓ש×Ö°×Ö¼Ö·× (āal-tishĆækakh, ādo not forgetā), Moses makes a most emphatic plea. ā how you provoked the Lord your God in the desert; from the time you left the land of Egypt until you came to this place you were constantly rebelling against him.#tn Heb āthe Lordā (likewise in the following verse with both āhimā and āheā). See note on āheā in 9:3. 8 At Horeb you provoked him and he was angry enough with you to destroy you. 9 When I went up the mountain to receive the stone tablets, the tablets of the covenant that the Lord made with you, I remained there#tn Heb āin the mountain.ā The demonstrative pronoun has been used in the translation for stylistic reasons. forty days and nights, eating and drinking nothing. 10 The Lord gave me the two stone tablets, written by the very finger#sn The very finger of God. This is a double figure of speech (1) in which God is ascribed human features (anthropomorphism) and (2) in which a part stands for the whole (synecdoche). That is, God, as Spirit, has no literal finger nor, if he had, would he write with his finger. Rather, the sense is that God himself ā not Moses in any way ā was responsible for the composition of the Ten Commandments (cf. Exod 31:18; 32:16; 34:1). of God, and on them was everything#tn Heb āaccording to all the words.ā he#tn Heb āthe Lordā (likewise at the beginning of vv. 12, 13). See note on āheā in 9:3. said to you at the mountain from the midst of the fire at the time of that assembly. 11 Now at the end of the forty days and nights the Lord presented me with the two stone tablets, the tablets of the covenant. 12 And he said to me, āGet up, go down at once from here because your people whom you brought out of Egypt have sinned! They have quickly turned from the way I commanded them and have made for themselves a cast metal image.ā#tc Heb āa casting.ā The MT reads ×Ö·×”Ö¼Öµ×Öø× (massekhah, āa cast thingā) but some mss and Smr add ×¢Öµ×Ö¶× (āegel, ācalfā), āa molten calfā or the like (Exod 32:8). Perhaps Moses here omits reference to the calf out of contempt for it. 13 Moreover, he said to me, āI have taken note of these people; they are a stubborn#tn Heb āstiff-necked.ā See note on the word āstubbornā in 9:6. lot! 14 Stand aside#tn Heb āleave me alone.ā and I will destroy them, obliterating their very name from memory,#tn Heb āfrom under heaven.ā and I will make you into a stronger and more numerous nation than they are.ā
15 So I turned and went down the mountain while it#tn Heb āthe mountain.ā The translation uses a pronoun for stylistic reasons to avoid redundancy. was blazing with fire; the two tablets of the covenant were in my hands. 16 When I looked, you had indeed sinned against the Lord your God and had cast for yourselves a metal calf;#tn On the phrase āmetal calf,ā see note on the term āmetal imageā in v. 12. you had quickly turned aside from the way he#tn Heb āthe Lord.ā See note on āheā in 9:3. had commanded you! 17 I grabbed the two tablets, threw them down,#tn The Hebrew text includes āfrom upon my two hands,ā but as this seems somewhat obvious and redundant, it has been left untranslated for stylistic reasons. and shattered them before your very eyes. 18 Then I again fell down before the Lord for forty days and nights; I ate and drank nothing because of all the sin you had committed, doing such evil before the Lord as to enrage him. 19 For I was terrified at the Lordās intense anger#tn Heb āthe anger and the wrath.ā Although many English versions translate as two terms, this construction is a hendiadys which serves to intensify the emotion (cf. NAB, TEV āfierce angerā). that threatened to destroy you. But he#tn Heb āthe Lord.ā See note on āheā in 9:3. listened to me this time as well. 20 The Lord was also angry enough at Aaron to kill him, but at that time I prayed for him#tn Heb āAaron.ā The pronoun is used in the translation to avoid redundancy. too. 21 As for your sinful thing#tn Heb āyour sin.ā This is a metonymy in which the effect (sin) stands for the cause (the metal calf). that you had made, the calf, I took it, melted it down,#tn Heb āburned it with fire.ā ground it up until it was as fine as dust, and tossed the dust into the stream that flows down the mountain. 22 Moreover, you continued to provoke the Lord at Taberah,#sn Taberah. By popular etymology this derives from the Hebrew verb ×Öø×¢Ö·×Ø (baāar, āto burnā), thus, here, āburning.ā The reference is to the Lordās fiery wrath against Israel because of their constant complaints against him (Num 11:1-3). Massah,#sn Massah. See note on this term in Deut 6:16. and Kibroth-Hattaavah.#sn Kibroth-Hattaavah. This place name means in Hebrew āburial places of appetite,ā that is, graves that resulted from overindulgence. The reference is to the Israelites stuffing themselves with the quail God had provided and doing so with thanklessness (Num 11:31-35). 23 And when he#tn Heb āthe Lord.ā See note on āheā in 9:3. sent you from Kadesh-Barnea and told you, āGo up and possess the land I have given you,ā you rebelled against the Lord your God#tn Heb āthe mouth of the Lord your God,ā that is, against the commandment that he had spoken. and would neither believe nor obey him. 24 You have been rebelling against him#tn Heb āthe Lord.ā See note on āheā in 9:3. from the very first day I knew you!
Mosesā Plea on Behalf of the Lordās Reputation
25 I lay flat on the ground before the Lord for forty days and nights,#tn The Hebrew text includes āwhen I prostrated myself.ā Since this is redundant, it has been left untranslated. for he#tn Heb āthe Lord.ā See note on āheā in 9:3. had said he would destroy you. 26 I prayed to him:#tn Heb āthe Lord.ā See note on āheā in 9:3. O, Lord God,#tn Heb āLord Lordā (×Ö²×Ö¹× Öø× ×Ö°××Ö“×, āadonay yĆæhvih). The phrase is customarily rendered by Jewish tradition as āLord Godā (×Ö²×Ö¹× Öø× ×Ö±×Ö¹×Ö“××, āadonay āelohim). See also the note on the phrase āLord Godā in Deut 3:24. do not destroy your people, your valued property#tn Heb āyour inheritanceā; NLT āyour special (very own NRSV) possession.ā Israel is compared to landed property that one would inherit from his ancestors and pass on to his descendants. that you have powerfully redeemed,#tn Heb āyou have redeemed in your greatness.ā whom you brought out of Egypt by your strength.#tn Heb āby your strong hand.ā 27 Remember your servants Abraham, Isaac, and Jacob; ignore the stubbornness, wickedness, and sin of these people. 28 Otherwise the people of the land#tc The MT reads only āthe land.ā Smr supplies ×¢Ö·× (āam, āpeopleā) and LXX and its dependents supply āthe inhabitants of the land.ā The truncated form found in the MT is adequate to communicate the intended meaning; the words āthe people ofā are supplied in the translation for clarity. from which you brought us will say, āThe Lord was unable to bring them to the land he promised them, and because of his hatred for them he has brought them out to kill them in the desert.ā#tn Or āwildernessā (so KJV, NASB, NRSV, NLT). 29 They are your people, your valued property,#tn Heb āyour inheritance.ā See note at v. 26. whom you brought out with great strength and power.#tn Heb āan outstretched arm.ā
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Deuteronomy 9: NET
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